Exploring Sexting and Online Sexual Victimization during the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown.

The COVID-19 pandemic lockdown has impacted daily routines, forcing people to stop socializing in person and changing the way people express their feelings and their romantic or sexual interactions. Social distancing has changed the way people behave online, and we expect that engagement in sexting and online sexual victimization behaviors have increased during lockdown. The aim of this paper is to study the prevalence of sexting and online sexual victimization behaviors during the COVID-19 lockdown in Spanish adults in order to explore how social distancing has affected these behaviors. The sample comprised 293 Spanish adults (mean age = 30.3; 66.2% female) who took part in an online survey about their engagement in sexting behaviors and online sexual victimization experiences. Overall results were apparently not supportive of our main hypothesis, showing that both sexting engagement and online sexual victimization decreased during lockdown despite the increase in internet use. Apart from differences in time period of reference, some alternative hypotheses relate to the increased presence of capable guardians according to the routine activities theory and to forced distance as a demotivation to sext. Possible explanations and hypotheses for these results are discussed further in the paper.

Cross-Cultural Differences in Sexting Practices between American and Spanish University Students.

Despite the growing body of research regarding sexting and online sexual victimization, there is little evidence exploring cultural differences in association with those behaviors. The aim of this study was to examine cultural differences in sexting practices by comparing an American sample and a Spanish sample of university students. The original sample was composed of 1799 college students, including 1386 Spanish college students and 413 American Students, with 74% of female participants, and ages ranging from 18 to 64 years old (mean age = 21.26, SD= 4.61). Results indicate that American students sext more than Spanish students and have higher probabilities of being victims of nonconsensual dissemination of their sexual content. However, Spanish students receive more sexts than American students. Although our results show differences between the Spanish and the American samples that might be modulated by cultural factors, the vulnerability of females regarding sexting remains unchanged. Additionally, differences in specific characteristics of the behaviors (such as perceived risk, receiver of the sexual content, intensity of the sexual content, and motive for sexting) were also studied. Further results and implications are discussed in relation to cultural differences.

¿Agresión o abuso sexual? Cuestiones forenses a propósito del caso de «La Manada» / Sexual assault or abuse? Forensic questions regarding the «La Manada» rape case

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Sexting, Mental Health, and Victimization Among Adolescents: A Literature Review.

The practice of creating and sharing sexual images via technological devices, known as sexting, has received crescent attention in the past years, especially due to the increase of adolescent engagement in this behavior. Although consensual sexting is not prima facie a crime, as some research has shown, it has the potential to be a risky behavior, and a threshold to get exposure to dangerous kinds of victimization as sextortion, online grooming or cyberbullying. In this context, teenagers represent a vulnerable group due to their limited ability of self-regulation, their high susceptibility to peer pressure, their technophilia, and their growing sexual curiosity. The present paper aims to review the scientific literature to analyze the relationship between mental health and sexting as a potentially risky behavior and its association with online victimization. The results and implications will be discussed.

Retos forenses ante la cibercriminalidad social en menores / Forensic challenges presented by social cybercrime in minors

Hoy en día las TIC forman parte de las actividades cotidianas de gran parte de la población a nivel mundial. Los procesos de socialización de los menores y jóvenes a través de las TIC han suscitado una creciente atención y preocupación por parte de la comunidad científica y educativa. Muchas de las conductas que se llevan a cabo en el mundo físico se han trasladado al ciberespacio, dando paso a «nuevos» comportamientos y oportunidades delictivas, así como a procesos de victimización en parte distintos. En este nuevo contexto han emergido 3 fenómenos prevalentes de cibercriminalidad social ante los que se plantean nuevos retos forenses. En el presente artículo se llama la atención respecto de las consecuencias psicopatológicas de estos 3 fenómenos: cyberbullying, sexting y online grooming, y se pone de manifiesto la necesidad de contar con profesionales en el ámbito de las ciencias forenses que estén formados en los entornos tecnológicos en los que tienen lugar las nuevas formas de criminalidad. Y se abren nuevas perspectivas de mejora en las evaluaciones periciales por parte de expertos forenses de las consecuencias victimológicas y de los perfiles de quienes intervienen en los nuevos ciberdelitos

Nowadays, ICTs have become part of people's daily routines. Attention has been drawn to the way in which teenagers and young adults socialize through ICTs, especially in the scientific and educational communities. Many behaviours undertaken in the physical world have transferred to cyberspace including criminal behaviours and victimization processes. In this new context, there are three prevalent cybercriminal phenomena that pose forensic challenges. Throughout this paper, the psychopathological consequences of cyberbullying, sexting and online grooming will be analyzed. The growth of these types of behaviour has necessitated well-trained professionals from multidisciplinary forensic sciences, who are able to evaluate the victimological consequences and offenders' profile of the abovementioned phenomena

Cibervíctimas con discapacidad: cuestiones victimológicas y retos forenses / Cibervictims with disabilities: Victimological issues and forensic challenges

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Trastornos de la personalidad en la jurisprudencia española / Personality disorders in the Spanish jurisprudence

Los trastornos de la personalidad (TP) pueden suponer una afectación de las capacidades cognoscitivas y/o volitivas y, en consecuencia, implicar una modificación de la responsabilidad criminal. Sin embargo, la jurisprudencia, al valorar la incidencia de los TP sobre la imputabilidad, no responde a una regla general. Se presenta un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo del tratamiento jurisprudencial que reciben los TP mediante la revisión de 77 sentencias condenatorias del Tribunal Supremo entre febrero de 1998 y noviembre del 2010. Los TP que más se tienen en cuenta en la valoración de la imputabilidad son el paranoide, límite, no especificado y antisocial, pero sin considerarse eximente de la responsabilidad criminal. En los supuestos de comorbilidad generalmente se aprecia una eximente incompleta o atenuante analógica de anomalía o alteración psíquica. En la condena por delitos cometidos por sujetos afectados por TP, el reconocimiento de dicho trastorno tiene una incidencia relativa en la pena, imponiéndose esta en su mitad inferior o, a lo sumo, rebajándose a la pena inferior en un solo grado. La adopción de medidas de seguridad para los semiimputables en caso de TP es excepcional (AU)

Personality disorders may affect intelligence and free will and therefore imply a criminal imputability alteration. However, Spanish jurisprudence does not follow a general rule when assessing personality disorders’ influence on criminal liability. By reviewing 77 Spanish Supreme Court decisions, we present in this paper a descriptive and retrospective study on how jurisprudence understands and assesses personality disorders. Paranoid, borderline, unspecified and antisocial personality disorders are in practice the more often applied constructs, but they do not imply full exculpation. In comorbidity cases courts usually recognize partial exculpatory defenses or attenuate punishment in reasoning by similarity and analogy to mental disorder. In personality disorder cases sentences, disorders of that kind have a relative influence on measuring penalties-courts impose, if so, a minimum sentence at its lower half or, at most, at only one grade under the minimum grade. Imposing security measures for diminished capacity cases related to personality disorders is exceptional (AU)